Science & Technology

Science & Technology
Forces (or interactions) in the universe
In chemistry, the reason we could study how materials behave is because they exist, holding together by some kind of forces.
In fact all known forces (or interactions) in the universe can be grouped into four basic types. Below lists these forces in the order of decreasing strength.

1. The Strong Force

• This force is responsible for binding of nuclei. It is the dominant one in reactions and decays of most of the fundamental particles. This force is so strong that it binds and stabilize the protons of similar charges within a nucleus. However, it is very short range. No such force will be felt beyond the order of 1 fm (femtometer or 10-15 m).

2. The Electromagnetic Force

• This is the force which exists between all particles which have an electric charge. For example, electrons (negative charge) bind with nucleus of an atom, due to the presence of protons (positive charge). The force is long range, in principle extending over infinite distance. However, the strength can quickly diminishes due to shielding effect. Many everyday experiences such as friction and air resistance are due to this force. This is also the resistant force that we feel, for example, when pressing our palm against a wall. This is originated from the fact that no two atoms can occupy the same space. However, its strength is about 100 times weaker within the range of 1 fm, where the strong force dominates. But because there is no shielding within the nucleus, the force can be cumulative and can compete with the strong force. This competition determines the stability structure of nuclei.
• The electromagnetic force operates between particles which contain electric charge. The force carrier for the electromagnetic force is the photon. Photons, which are commonly called light waves, and referred to as gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, radio waves, and other names depending on their energy. Photons have no mass, which means that, according to the previous calculation, there is no limit on the distance of effect of the electromagnetic force. Photons also have no electric charge, no color, no strangeness, charm, topness, or bottomness, but do possess a spin of 1.
• The electromagnetic force has a strength proportional to the product of the electric charges of the particles, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the particles' centers of mass. The electromagnetic force is the second strongest force, behind the strong force by two orders of magnitude at the distances in a nucleus, but can be either attractive or repulsive. Like charges attract and unlike charges repel. Over large scale measurements, the overall charge of an area is most often neutral, and the electromagnetic force has no overall effect. It does have residual attractive forces between electrically neutral atoms that constrain the atoms into molecules. These interactions between atoms are referred to by chemists as chemical bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, or other such terms.

3. The Weak Force

• This force is responsible for nuclear beta decay and other similar decay processes involving fundamental particles. The range of this force is smaller than 1 fm and is 10-7 weaker than the strong force. Nevertheless, it is important in understanding the behavior of fundamental particles.

4. The Gravitational Force

• This is the force that holds us onto the Earth. It could be important in our daily life, but on the scale of atomic world it is of negligible or no importance at all. Gravitational force is cumulative and extended to infinity. It exists whenever there is matter. Your body is experiencing a gravitaional pull with, say, your computer (or anything close to you or as far away as stars and galaxies) but the effect is so small you will never sense it. However, you can sense the gravitaional pull with the Earth (that is, your weight) due to the cumulative effect of billions of billions of the atoms made up your body with those atoms of the Earth. This means that the larger the body (contain more matter), the stronger the force. But on the scale of individual particles, the force is extremely small, only in the order of 10^-38 times that of the strong force.
• The gravitational force is an interaction between mass-energy, and is thus experienced by all particles to some degree. The gravitational force is proportional to the product of the total energies of the interacting particles, and inversely proportional to the square of the separation between the particles. However, this implies that the gravitational force has no distance limit. By the previously determined relationship, the force carrier of the gravitational force must have no mass for gravity to have no limit to its distance

1. Consider the following with respect to fundamental forces on Earth

• The range of Gravitational and Electromagnetic Force are almost equal in nature.
• Gravitational Force is a strong force as compared to Weak Nuclear force.

Select the correct statement/s

Only 1

Only 2

Both

None

Answer - <Only 1>

Moon's gravity compared to Earth

Your weight on the moon is a function of the moon's gravity. First, we know that gravity is a force that attracts all physical objects towards each other (but why this happens is largely unknown!). Second, the greater the mass of an object, the stronger the force of gravity.

The moon is 1/4 the size of Earth, so the moon's gravity is much less than the earth's gravity, 83.3% (or 5/6) less to be exact. Finally, "weight" is a measure of the gravitational pull between two objects. So of course you would weigh much less on the moon.

Weight on moon is one-sixth of the weight on Earth.

2. Consider the following statements

• Law of Gravitation at the Moon is One-Sixth that at the Earth.
• Acceleration due to gravity is the same both on the Moon and the Earth.

Select the correct statement/s

Only 1

Only 2

Both

None

Answer - <None>

Explanation - The laws of nature are the same everywhere in the universe. The acceleration due to gravity at the moon is one-sixth that at the earth, but the law of gravitation is the same both on the moon and the earth.

3. Amongst the following, the examples of ‘Contact Forces’ are

1. Electromagnetic Force
2. Gravitational Force
3. Frictional Force
4. Air resistance
5. Viscous Force

Select the correct code

1. 1,3,4 and 5
2. 1, 2 and 3
3. 3, 4 and 5
4. 1, 2, 4 and 5

Answer - <3>

4. Carbohydrates are vital source of energy for any living organism. Consider the following

with respect to various types of energy resources in plants and animals.

• Glycogens are solely coming from animals, specifically made by the liver and the muscles, while the starch solely comes from the green plants and staple foods like potatoes and cassavas.
• Cellulose occurs exclusively in plants and it is the most abundant organic substance in plant kingdom.
• Human store glucose as Starch as well as Gycogens coming from plants and animals respectively.

Select the correct code/s

1. 1 and 2

2. 1 and 3

3. Only 3

4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer - <1>

Explanation - Starch is the main storage polysaccharide of plants. It is the most important dietary source

for human beings. High content of starch is found in cereals, roots, tubers and some

vegetables.

Cellulose occurs exclusively in plants and it is the most abundant organic substance in plant

kingdom. It is a predominant constituent of cell wall of plant cells. The carbohydrates are

stored in animal body as glycogen. It is also known as animal starch.

Glycogen is the body's storage form of starch, though it is technically glucose. To

understand this, you must understand that starch is a plant's storage form of glucose.

However, as humans, we store the same glucose as glycogen. Our body is equipped to

contain excess glucose molecules as glycogen rather than starch.

5. Biodiesel can be produced from among the following-

• Jatropa
• Pongamia Pinnata
• Sunflower
• Rape Seeds

Select the correct code

1. 1 and 2
2. 1, 2 and 4
3. Only 1
4. All

Answer - <4>

Explanation - 

Pongamia Pinnata is a viable non-toxic alternative to jatropha for making biodiesel. Being a

legume, it fixes nitrogen into the soil and is often used as a windbreak between fields on

farms. Bio Diesel fuel can be produced from oilseed plants such as rape seeds, sunflower,

canola and or JATROPHA CURCAS.

Bio-diesel

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil - or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, soybean oil, animal fat (tallow)) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.

Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel in any proportions. Biodiesel blends can also be used as heating oil.

A variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel. These include:

• Virgin oil feedstock – rapeseed and soybean oils are most commonly used, soybean oil accounting for about half of U.S. production. It also can be obtained from Pongamia, field pennycress and jatropha and other crops such as mustard, jojoba, flax, sunflower, palm oil, coconut and hemp (see list of vegetable oils for biofuel for more information);
• Waste vegetable oil (WVO);
• Animal fats including tallow, lard, yellow grease, chicken fat, and the by-products of the production of Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil.
• Algae, which can be grown using waste materials such as sewage and without displacing land currently used for food production.
• Oil from halophytes such as Salicornia bigelovii, which can be grown using saltwater in coastal areas where conventional crops cannot be grown, with yields equal to the yields of soybeans and other oilseeds grown using freshwater irrigation
• Sewage Sludge - The sewage-to-biofuel field is attracting interest from major companies like Waste Management and startups like InfoSpi, which are betting that renewable sewage biodiesel can become competitive with petroleum diesel on price.

Missile Technology Control Regime

The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is an informal and voluntary partnership between 34 countries to prevent the proliferation of missile and unmanned aerial vehicle technology capable of carrying a 500 kg payload for at least 300 km.

The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) was established in April 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, and the United States. The MTCR was created in order to curb the spread of unmanned delivery systems for nuclear weapons, specifically delivery systems that could carry a minimum payload of 500 kg a minimum of 300 km.

India, China, Pakistan, etc. are not member of MTCR.

6. Recently(in June, 2015) India applied for membership of Missile Technology Control Regime. Consider

the following statements with respect to MTCR

1. MTCR is a binding treaty between member nations to limit the proliferation of

missiles and missile technology.

2. The activities of the MTCR are consistent with the UN’s non-proliferation and export

control efforts.

Select the correct code

1. Only 1

2. Only 2

3. Both

4. None

Answer -  <2>

7. Consider the following regarding BRAHMOS Missile jointly developed by India and

Russia

1. Its range of 290 km is governed by Missile technology Control Regime (MTCR) of which

Russia is a member.

2. Its only disadvantage is its surface to surface variant.

3. It works on the principle of ‘Fire and Forget’.

Select the correct code

1. 1 and 2

2. 2 and 3

3. 1 and 3

4. All

Answer - <3>

Explanation - Brahmos is a supersonic cruise missile.

MTCR controls the proliferation of missile and unmanned aerial vehicle technology capable

of carrying a 500 kg payload for at least 300 km. Since India is not a member of MTCR and

Russia is, therefore the joint development could not cross the limit of 300 Km and hence the

missile’s range is 290 km

Brahmos can be launched from Submarines, Ships, Land and Air. So, it can be surface to

surface, Submarine to Air and under development Air to Air. Hence second statement is

wrong. 

8. Recently Lead (Pb) was making news due to its contamination in Maggie. Consider the following statements with respect to Lead

1. High concentration of Pb leads to Dyslexia.
2. One if its major uses is in the glass of computer and television screens, where it shields the viewer from radiation.
3. Select the correct code

Only 1

Only 2

Both

None

Answer -  <3>

Explanation - 

Lead is a major constituent of the lead-acid battery used extensively in car batteries. It is

used as a coloring element in ceramic glazes, as projectiles, in some candles to threat the

wick. It is the traditional base metal for organ pipes, and it is used as electrodes in the

process of electrolysis. One if its major uses is in the glass of computer and television screens, where it shields the viewer from radiation. Other uses are in sheeting, cables, solders, lead crystal glassware, ammunitions, bearings and as weight in sport equipment. Once taken into the body, lead distributes throughout the body in the blood and is accumulated in the bones. Depending on the level of exposure, lead can adversely affect the nervous system, kidney function, immune system, reproductive and developmental systems and the cardiovascular system. Lead exposure also affects the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. The lead effects most commonly encountered in current populations are neurological effects in children and cardiovascular effects (e.g., high blood pressure and heart disease) in adults. Infants and young children are especially sensitive to even low levels of lead, which may contribute to behavioural problems, learning deficits and lowered IQ.

9. The class of compound known as Biocides are used by Archaeologists in the preservation and reconstruction of archaeological sites. However, it has variety of other applications like

1. Antibiotics
2. Pesticides
3. Antifouling Products
4. Anticancer Agent
5. Antifungal

Select the correct codes

1. 1, 2, 3 and 5
2. 2,3,4 and 5
3. 2, 3, and 4
4. All of the above

Answer - <1>

Explanation -  A biocide is a chemical substance or microorganism which can deter, render

harmless, or exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism by chemical or biological

means. Biocides are commonly used in medicine, agriculture, forestry, and industry.

A biocide can be:

A pesticide- this includes fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, algicides and rodenticides etc

An antimicrobial- this includes germicides, antibiotics, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and

antifouling products etc.

10. Consider the following w.r.t Mangroves Forest

1. The Pichavaram mangroves in Tamil Nadu is India's largest Mangrove Forest

2. Asia has the largest concentration of the world’s mangroves except Middle East

Select the correct code

1. Only 1

2. Only 2

3. Both

4. None

Answer - <1>

Explanation - Pichavaram mangroves is India’s largest mangrove Forest. Middle East also has good concentration of Mangroves. Oman, near Muscat, supports large areas of mangroves, in particular at Shinas, Qurm Park and Mahout Island. In Arabic, mangrove trees are known as qurm, thus the mangrove area in Oman is known as Qurm Park.

11. The term micro-satellite is associated with which of the following?

1. Genetics
2. Space Technology

Select the correct code

Only 1

Only 2

Both

None

Answer - <Both>

Explanation - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaturized_satellite#Microsatellite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite

12. “Global-warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat

a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere”. Consider the statements on which GWP

depends

1. the absorption of infrared radiation by a given species

2. the spectral location of its absorbing wavelengths

3. the atmospheric lifetime of the species

Identify the correct statement/s

1. 1 and 2

2. Only 3

3. 1 and 3

4. 1,2 and 3

Answer - <4>

Expalnation - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global-warming_potential

If it is serious about phasing out ozone depleting gases by 2030, India needs to evolve a clear stand against persisting with those that have global warming potential and evaluate environmental-friendly technologies. This is easier said than done as both the Indian government and the industry are hesitant to make some hard choices.

The tussle is over the choice of technology and the phasing out of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) under the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty to protect the ozone layer. India wants to discuss the phasing out of HFC under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and not under the Montreal Protocol. This has several implications, not the least of them being that there will not be any binding benchmarks.

What goes against the UNFCCC is that it is not designed for a phase down of specific gases. Countries have the choice to decide which gases they want to reduce, said Chandra Bhushan of the Centre for Science and Environment.

From Monday, the 34th meeting of the Open-ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer will be held in Paris. Last week the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) held a preparatory meeting of manufacturers chaired for the first time by the secretary. The industry had differences on whether hydrocarbons were a viable replacement in refrigeration and air conditioning instead of HFCs or HydroFluoroolefins (HFO).

HFC is a replacement for ozone-depleting substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). While CFCs and HCFCs are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol, HFCs, on the other hand, have zero ozone-depleting potential but high global warming potential, according to CSE which is arguing for a direct transition from HCFCs to hydrocarbon-based technology.

In India Godrej has pioneered hydrocarbon technology in refrigerators and later air conditioners and the company made a presentation to the ministry. Dilip Rajadhyaksha, senior general manager of Godrej, said that hydrocarbons were flammable but safeguards can be put in and the company has 15 years' expertise in this field. It opted for hydrocarbons under a pilot project funded by the GIZ, a German government agency which funded and helped with the technology under which it carried out pilot manufacturing of air conditioners using hydrocarbons (propane) from 2010. Before that since 1999 it has made refrigerators using a blend of propane and isobutane.

“We have sold ten million refrigerators so far and over 60,000 air conditioners, including ones with 1.5 ton capacity, and not a single incident of explosion has taken place,” he said. Some other companies are also going in for hydrocarbon technology spurred by the tightened emission norms this year. Transitioning from HCFCs to HFCs is meaningless in the long run since HFCs have a high Global Warming Index whereas hydrocarbons like propane are very low on the index.

13. With reference to “Sankirtana”, consider the following

• Ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur
• It encompasses an array of arts performed to mark religious occasions and various stages in the life of the Vaishnav people of Manipur plains.
• It is practiced at the centre of a temple, where performers narrate the lives and deeds of Krishna through songs and dance
• It is inscribed on the Representative List of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Incorrect statement is/are

1. 1 and 2
2. 1, 2 and 3
3. All
4. None

Answer - <4>

Explanation - http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/manipuri-sankirtana-inscribed-on-unescos-intangible-heritage-list/article5435312.ece

14. With reference to ‘System of Rice Intensification’, consider the following

It originated in USA

It’s a water intensive methodology

It is a patented methodology and India has access to it.

Correct statement is/ are

1. 1,2 and 3
2. 2 and 3
3. Only 1
4. None

Answer - <4>

Explanation - Originated in Medagascar not USA. It helps in saving water. Not a patent.

http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/more-rice-from-less-water/article6183223.ece

15. As per Indian culture, the word ‘Kolam’ is associated with

1. Art of Rangoli in southern parts of the country
2. A type of tribe
3. Art of Weaving of people of ancient origin

Correct statement(s)

1. Only 1

2. 1 and 2

3. Only 3

4. None 

Answer - <2>

Explanation - http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kolam-women-dish-outknowledge-on-traditional-food/article6318693.ece

16.“Albedo is the percentage of incoming radiation reflected off a surface”. Consider the

following statements

1. The more radiation reflected the more Global warming that occurs.

2. Polar ice has highest albedo.

Incorrect statement(s)

1. Only 1

2. Only 2

3. Both

4. None

Answer - <1>

Explanation - 

http://www.ecocem.ie/environmental,albedo.htm

http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/149954/

Science

Which Vitamin is soluble in water ?
B & C

The back surface of eye is called ?
Retina

How we can see colours ?
Rode and Cones in our eyes (The retina contains two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. The rods are more numerous, some 120 million, and are more sensitive than the cones. However, they are not sensitive to color. The 6 to 7 million cones provide the eye's color sensitivity and they are much more concentrated in the central yellow spot known as the macula.)

What is persistence of vision ?
The impression of image is remains on retina for about 1/16th of second is called persistence of vision. 

What is far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision?
It is infinite from the normal eye and 25 cm from the eye 

What are the three defect of eye ?
(1).Myopia or nearsightedness,(2)Hypermetropia or farsightedness,(3)Presbyopia (eyestrain, difficulty seeing in dim light, problems focusing on small objects or fine print.)

What are the different reason of Vision problems ?

Myopia- it occurs when the eyeball is too long,relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens of the eye.This causes light rays to focus at a point in front of the retina, rather than directly on the surface.

It also can be caused by the cornea and/or lens being too curved for the length of the eyeball.In some cases, myopia is due to a combination of these factors.




                                                 
Hypermetropia -It occurs when light is focused behind the retina. In reality, light cannot actually be focused behind the retina. So, the lens changes its thickness(becomes fatter or more rounded)which aims to bring the light into focus on the retina.



Presbyopia- It is caused by an age-related process. This differs from astigmatism(it is an optical defect in which vision is blurred due to the inability of the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the retina. This may be due to an irregular or toric curvature of the cornea or lens,nearsightedness and farsightedness,which are related to the shape of the eyeball and are cause by genetic and environmental factors,it generally is believed to stem from a gradual thickening and loss of flexibility of the natural lens inside your eye. 


Who developed Braille system ?
Charles Barbier. 

In eye which is responsible for colours ?
cones .

Which part of eye provides most of refraction of the light entering the eye?
Cornea and aqueous humor.


Why birds wake up with sunrise and sleep in the resting place by sun set ?
Their retina has cones in excess,which are sensitive to bright light only.


Which is the most insensitive part of the eye retina ?
Blind spot is the spot on retina,which is insensitive to light.  

Science

which plant has biggest flower ?
Rafflesia(it is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. it contains approximately 28 species ,all found in southeast Asia on Indonesia, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand and the Philippines. Rafflesia was found in the Indonesian rain forest by an Indonesian guide working for Dr. Joseph Arnold in 1818, and named after Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles,The plant has no stems, leaves or true roots. It is a holoparasite of vines in the genus Tetrastigma (Vitaceae), spreading it absorptive organ, the haustorium, inside of the vine. The only part of the plant that can be seen outside the host vine is the five -petaled flower. In some species ,such as Rafflesia arnoldii, the flower may be over 100 centimeters (39 in) in diameter , and weight up to 10 kilograms (22 lb). Even the smallest species, R. baletei, has 12 cm diameter flowers. The flowers look and smell like rotting flesh, hence its local manes which translate to "corpse flower" or "meat flower"   

What is Hydroponics ?

it is a subset of hydro-culture and is a method of growing plants without soil with the help of water using mineral and nutrient in water ,Terrestrial plants may be grow with their roots in the mineral and nutrient solution only 

The gender of human baby depend upon ?

chromosome of father (y chromosome)

How many pair of chromosome in each cell normally contains in a human ?

23 pair of chromosome (total number is 46, the 22 autosomes are numbered by size. The other two chromosomes, x and y are sex chromosomes. and the sub total is 23 pair include the sex chromosomes and total number is 46 

what is the cause of smell in Urine ?

The smell of ammonia in urine because of bacteria that contaminate the urine will convert chemicals in the urine into smelling chemicals that are responsible for the distinctive smell,such as ammonia

why mostly fish does't go down in water ?

due to presence of swimbladder 

 The first scientist who prepared enzymes and virus proteins in pure crystallized form ?

Wendell Stanley 

Litmus extracted from ?

Lichens ( it is water soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens ,it is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce the pH indicator range 4.5 to 8.3 at 25 °C (77 °F) used to taste material acidic or basic condition , blue litmus paper turn red under acidic condition red litmus paper turn blue under basic condition or alkaline condition, Neutral litmus paper is purple.)

Which tree bark is used to cure the malaria ?

chincona tree bark 

Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Cinchona
Species: officinalis, ledgeriana, succirubra, calisaya
Synonyms: Quinaquina officinalis, Quinaquina lancifolia, Quinaquina coccinea
Common names: Quinine bark, quina, quinine, kinakina, China bark, cinchona bark, yellow cinchona, red cinchona, Peruvian bark, Jesuit's bark, quina-quina, calisaya bark, fever tree
Parts Used: Bark, wood

Found in rainforest's most famous plants ,they grow 15-20 meter high and produce white, yellow and pink flower All cinchonas are indigenous to the eastern slopes of the Amazonian area of the Andes, where they grow from 1,500-3,000 meters in elevation on either side of the equator (from Colombia to Bolivia). They can also be found in the northern part of the Andes (on the eastern slopes of the central and western ranges). They are now widely cultivated in many tropical countries for their commercial value, although they are not indigenous to those areas.

Pasmina goat is breed of ?

Changthangi (Changthangi is a well recognized breed of goat popular for its valuable produce called pashmina. The breeding tract of this goat is in the Changthang area of Leh district of Jammu & Kashmir State and is adjacent to Tibet. The breed is well adapted to the local cold arid agro-climatic conditions of the region and is reared mainly by a nomad known as ‘Changpa’. The fibre produced by this breed is the prime source for the world-class shawl industry of Kashmir)

Science

The plant hormone which is essential for cell division is ?
Cytokines  are a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells, and sometimes the releasing cell itself.They are different from hormones, which are also important cell signaling molecules, in that hormones circulate in much lower concentrations and hormones tend to be made by specific kinds of cells.They are important in health and disease, specifically in host responses to infection, immune responses, inflammation, trauma, sepsis, cancer, and reproduction.


The gap between two neurons is called ?
Synapse (In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise).

The movement of a potted plant kept in a room is start to bent toward the  direction of light is known as  ?
Phototropism (If you put a plant in a window you may notice that after a few days it has bent toward that window. This is because the plant needs sunlight to make energy, and so it grows toward the light. The growth of a plant toward any stimulus is called tropism, and the growth of a plant toward a light stimulus is called phototropism)
What is Hydrotropism ?
Hydrotropism is the movement of the plant parts induced by water. The movement of root is the example for positive hydrotropism and the movement of stem is the example for the negative hydrotropism.
.
What is Chemotropism ?
Chemotropism, is the movement of the plant parts induced by the chemicals. Pollen tube movement towards the ovules during the process of fertilization is an example for the positive chemotropism.

What is Geotropism ?
Geotropism, is the movement of the plant parts induced by the gravity. The movement of root towards the gravity is the example for positive geotropism and the movement of stem away from gravity is the example for negative geotropism.

Tropic movement are?
Unidirectional(movements of curvature that respond to the direction of the external stimulus. Movement may be toward the same direction as the stimulus (positive tropism), opposite (negative tropism), or at any intermediate angle (between 0° and 90°). Tropic responses are due to differential growth in tissues adjacent and away from the stimulus)
Which is growth inhibitor hormone in plant ?
Abscisic acid

Part of brain which control heart beat,respiration and peristalsis(Peristalsis is a series of muscle contraction to move food through digestive system) is ?
Medulla oblongata(It controls involuntary function of the body)

Which body organ is surrounded by meninges ?
Brain and Spinal code(The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system. The pia mater is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.)

Gustatory receptors are specialized  in detecting ?
Taste

Science

The breakdown of  complex compound of food into simple substance is called ?
Digestion(The digestive system of humans is well developed. It consists of the gut or alimentary canal, along with many associated digestive glands. The alimentary canal is divided into mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum.

Mouth: The food is ingested through the mouth. The mouth contains tongue, teeth and salivary glands. Teeth break the food into smaller particles. This process is called mastication. The chewed food is mixed with saliva. Saliva is a watery fluid secreted by the salivary glands. Saliva contains a type of enzyme called the salivary amylase, which converts starch into sugar.
Tongue – The tongue is a muscular organ. Tongue helps to mix saliva in the food. It also helps to push the food down the food-pipe or oesophagus. Taste receptors are present in tongue and give us the sense of taste.

Oesophagus – It is a tube-like structure connecting the mouth and the stomach. It is about 30 cm. long. Oesophagus has powerful muscles which gently push the food down to the stomach. The oseophagus contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic fashion to facilitate the forward movement of food. This movement happens in other parts of the alimentary canal as well and is called peristalsis. There is no digestion takes place in oesophagus.

Stomach –It is a muscular J- shaped thick walled bag. Stomach is the widest part of alimentary canal. It receives food at one end from food pipe and open into the small intestine from other end.

Stomach churns the food to mix digestive juices. The food in the stomach is churned into semi solid. The churned semi-solid food is called chime. Gastric juice is secreted from the wall of stomach and mixed with food. Gastric juice contains some enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The enzymes present in the gastric juices break down protein from food. The hydrochloric acid kills the harmful bacteria present if any in the food and helps the gastric enzymes to work.

Small intestine – The food leaves the stomach at certain intervals of time and enters into the small intestine.
The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It is about 20 feet or seven meters long in an adult human. Small intestine is a highly coiled tube. It consists of three parts: duodenum, jejunum and Ileum.

In the duodenum, the liver and pancreas pour their secretions. Liver secretes bile juice and pancreas secretes the pancreatic juice. The bile juice contains the bile which carries out emulsification(emulsification (in digestion) The breakdown of fat globules in the duodenum into tiny droplets, which provides a larger surface area on which the enzyme pancreatic lipase(lipase is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas that catalyses the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.) can act to digest the fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Emulsification is assisted by the action of the bile salts) of fat. In this process, the fat is broken into tiny droplets. The pancreatic juice contains several enzymes. The enzymes of the pancreatic juice break down starch into simple sugars and proteins into amino acids.

Minerals and vitamins do not need to be changed because cells are able to absorb them easily.

From duodenum the food goes to the lower part of the intestine. There are numerous finger-like projections on the wall of the small intestine. These projections are called villi. They have fine blood capillaries to absorb the food. After absorption; food mixes in the blood stream and is carried to all the cells of the body. The cells utilize this food to release energy.

Large intestine: The digested food enters into large intestine after small intestine. The large intestine is wider and shorter than small intestine. It is about 1.5 metre in length.
In large intestine excess of water from the materials is absorbed. The semi solid residue is stored in the last part of the large intestine called rectum and finally throw out of the body through the anus time to time. The throwing out of waste of digested food from rectum is called egestion.) Source - www.excellup.com

Photosynthesis generally takes place in which part of the plant?

Leaf and other chloroplast bearing parts.

Plant absorb dissolved nitrates from soil and convert them into?

Free nitrogen

Ordinary table salt is sodium chloride, what is baking soda?

Sodium bicarbonate( NaHCO₃)

Ozone hole refers to ?

Decrease in thickness of ozone layer in stratosphere 

Pine, fir , spruce, cedar, larch and cypress are the famous timber-yielding plants of which several also occur widely in the hilly regions of India. All these belong to?

Gymnosperms.(Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones. The characteristics that differentiate angiosperms from gymnosperms include flowers, fruits, and endosperm in the seeds.)

what defines pollination?

Transfer of pollen from anther(male part) to stigma(female part) of the plant.

Plants receive their nutrients mainly from?

soil 

Movement of cell against concentration gradient is called?

Active transport

Most fish do not sink in water because of the presence of ?

swim bladder and air bladder

Plants synthesis protein from which of the following?

Amino acids

Nucleus, the genetic material containing rounded body in each cell, was first discovered in 1831 by

Robert Brown

Primary phloem develops from which of the following?

Provascular tissue

Other than spreading malaria, anopheles mosquitoes are also causes

Filariasis

Plants absorb most part of water needed by them through their?

Root hairs

Which one of the following defines photo-oxidation?

Photorespiration, Photolysis,light and oxygen induced breakdown

Cell division can takes place by which of the following process?

Mitosis

which is the most highly intelligent mammal?

Dolphins

Plant development is influenced by which of the following?

Quality, quantity,and duration of light

Phloem is a tissue found which of the following?

Plants(In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), in particular, sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark. The phloem is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis. This is called translocation.
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, phloem being the other. The best-known xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout the plant.
The basic function of xylem is to transport water, but it also transports some nutrients.)
Source - www.wikipedia.org

Nitrogen content is kept constant in the biosphere due to which of the following?

Nitrogen cycle

In agriculture,  leaching refers to the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation.

Photosynthesis takes place faster in which colour light?

White light

Science

If  force is expressed in Newton and the distance in metre, then the work done is expressed in ?
Joule ( The joule, symbol J, is a derived unit of energy, work, or amount of heat in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred (or work done) when applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N·m), or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second.)

Free surface of a liquid behaves like a sheet and tends to contract to the smallest possible area due to the 
Force of cohesion (Cohesion or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. It is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused by the shape and structure of its molecules.Water, for example, is strongly cohesive as each molecule may make four hydrogen bonds to other water molecules in a tetrahedral configuration.
Cohesion, along with adhesion (attraction between unlike molecules), helps explain phenomena such as meniscus, surface tension and capillary action.
Mercury in a glass flask is a good example of the effects of the ratio between cohesive and adhesive forces. Because of its high cohesion and low adhesion to the glass, mercury does not spread out to cover the top of the flask, and if enough is placed in the flask to cover the bottom, it exhibits a strongly convex meniscus, whereas the meniscus of water is concave. Mercury will not wet the glass, unlike water and many other liquids,and if the glass is tipped, it will 'roll' around inside.)

Fathometer is used to measure?
Ocean depth (A depth finder that uses sound waves to determine the depth of water.)

For seeing objects at the surface of water from a submarine under water, the instrument used is ?
Periscope 

Fuse wire made of metal having?
Low melting point ( Fuse wire is normally tinned copper wire (tinned meaning that it has had a coat of solder).Low melting point metals such as lead or tin are used in fuses. )

The hottest part of the gas flame is known as ?
Non-luminous zone

The heat required to raise the temperature of body by 1k is called?
Thermal capacity 

Ultrasonic wave are those sound waves having frequency ?
More than 20 kilohertz (The hertz (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second.)

Which waves are called waves of heat energy?
Infrared waves (Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation", but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths.
Infrared (IR) is invisible radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers. Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared.
Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere.
Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see.)

Kilowatt-hour is the unit of ?
Electric energy

which mirror is used to make periscope ?
Plane mirror

A light year is a unit of ?
Distance ( 9.4607×10¹⁵ m)

The Celsius temperature is a ?
Absolute temperature 

Light-eliminating diode (LED) converts?
Electrical energy into light energy 

In terms of magnetic properties oxygen belong to ?
Paramagnetic materials(Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby certain materials are attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials include most chemical elements and some compounds; they have a relative magnetic permeability greater than or equal to 1 (i.e., a positive magnetic susceptibility) and hence are attracted to magnetic fields. Exmaples - Hydrogen, Hellium, Berylium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Neon, Silicon, Phosphorus, Sulfur, chlorine Argon.
Diamagnetic materials are repelled by magnetic fields and form induced magnetic fields in the direction opposite to that of the applied magnetic field. Examples - Lithium, Oxygen, Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Calcium. 
Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.The common ones are iron, nickel, cobalt and most of their alloys)

1 light year is equivalent to?
9.46 * 10¹²km

The inertia of an object tends to cause the object?
To resist any change in its state of motion

Force is equal to ?
Mass * Acceleration

What is the formula for Impulse?
Impulse = Force * Time

Action and reaction are equal and opposite and they act on ?
Different bodies 

The area under velocity -time graph is ?
Displacement 

Science

Most of the light ray inside a tube-light is in the form of ?
Ultra-Violet ray.

Which is the alkaloid that contains in  cola drinks?
Caffeine

Which colour indicate highest temperature?
Dull red

The disease "bronchitis" is associated with ?
Lungs

Person setting in an artificial satellite of the earth have?
Zero weight

The device used for detecting even feeble current ?
Galvanoscope(An instrument used to detect the presence and determine the direction of electric currents by the deflection of a magnetic needle)

Fraction of volume of ice seen outside when immersed in water?
10.5%

The pollution which move downward with percolating ground water are ?
Leachates(Lawn and garden chemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides enter groundwater in two ways. First, they can be carried by rainwater into a stream as runoff. The contaminants can eventually reach groundwater supplies if the stream loses water to the ground. The most common method of groundwater contamination is leaching. Leaching is the downward movement of a dissolved substance through the soil. Residual fertilizers in the soil that plants cannot use, leach through the soil along with rain or irrigation water. Pesticides too, can leach into groundwater, or they may vaporize into the atmosphere, or be broken down by microbial and chemical means into harmless substances)

Which vitamin helps in the absorption of calcium?
Vitamin D(Vitamin D is the most significant nutrient for the proper absorption of calcium.Vitamin D is essential in helping the body absorb and use calcium; in fact, the body cannot absorb calcium at all without some vitamin D)

Who discovered RF(Rhesus Factor)  ?
Karl Landsteiner(He discovered ABO blood group system in 1900 and Rh blood group system including the Rh Factor in 1937,thus enabling Physicians to transfuse blood without endangering patient's life.Rh blood group system is the most important blood group after ABO. At present, the Rh blood group system consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. The commonly used terms Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. Besides its role in blood transfusion, the Rh blood group system—specifically, the D antigen—is used to determine the risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
 A mother who is Rh-negative may develop antibodies to an Rh-positive baby. If a small amount of the baby’s blood mixes with the mother's blood, which often happens in such situations, the mother's body may respond as if it were allergic to the baby. The mother's body may make antibodies to the Rh antigens in the baby’s blood. This means the mother has become sensitized and her antibodies may cross the placenta and attack the baby’s blood. Such an attack breaks down the fetus’s red blood cells, creating anemia (a low number of red blood cells). This condition is called hemolytic disease or hemolytic anemia. It can become severe enough to cause serious illness, brain damage, or even death in the fetus or newborn. Sensitization can occur any time the fetus’s blood mixes with the mother’s blood. It can occur if an Rh-negative woman has had a spontaneous or undetected miscarriage of a Rh positive fetus.) source- Wikipedia

The image formed on the retina of the human eye is ?
Real and inverted

Poise is the unit of ?
Viscosity of fluid

Colour of sodium vapour lamp is?
Yellow(A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp(Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electrical discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma) that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light.)

Colour of hydrogen vapour lamp is?
Blue

Colour of Mercury vapour lamp is ?
White

Colour of Neon vapour lamp is ?
Orange

Colour of Chlorine vapour lamp is ?
Green

Which disease is also known as Hansen's disease?
Leprosy(Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae)

Which substance is also known philosopher's wool ?
Zinc oxide(The compound zinc oxide (ZnO) is called philosopher's wool. Alchemists, as part of their rituals, would burn zinc in air and collect the residue, which formed into white woolly tufts)

Which is positively charged particle emitted by a radioactive element?
Alpha ray(Alpha "rays" are actually high speed particles. An alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons, all held together by the same strong nuclear force that binds the nucleus of any atom. In fact, an alpha particle really is a nucleus - it's the same as the nucleus of a common atom of helium - but it doesn't have any electrons around it, and it's traveling very fast.Because they are identical to helium nuclei, they are also sometimes written as He2+ or 4
2He2+ indicating a Helium ion with a +2 charge (missing its two electrons). If the ion gains electrons from its environment, the alpha particle can be written as a normal (electrically neutral) Helium atom 4
2He)

Atoms are composed of ?
Electrons and Nuclei

Isotopes are separated by ?
Distillation.

The wavelenght of X-ray is of the order of ?
1 angstrom(1 angstorm = 10⁻¹⁰ m or 10⁻⁸ cm)

Mesons are found in ?
Cosmic ray